Phantom Buck. The Duel. Fort Long. Abbey Gallop. The Great Unrest. Old St Luan. This is part of the regime relentless drive to centralize political and social power in its hands, inhibiting the development of competing centres of social power. This was later followed by a public dispute between Sisi and Al-Azhar, when in February the former called for a law regulating and limiting the practice of oral divorce, which is permissible under Sharia.
In a rare display of public defiance, Al-Azhar issued a statement rebuffing the President and confirming the legitimacy of oral divorce practices. The law was withdrawn after strong opposition from El-Tayeb as well as the State Council, which stated that the law contradicted Article 7 of the constitution that guarantees the independence of Al-Azhar.
The most notable example is the August arrest of the Quranic thinker Reda Abdel Rahman under charges of terrorism. Abdel Rahman remains in pre-trial detention. Another example is the imprisonment of prominent religious thinker Islam El-Behairy in July for one year, after being charged with contempt of religion.
The host of a popular television show, El-Behairy objected to traditional religious interpretations and offered new interpretations of Quranic texts and Hadith — arguably a thinker with a modernizing tendency.
Hence again, the real aim of the regime is not religious renewal but the control of religious discourse, as illustrated by its repressive response to possible ideological allies that are not directly controlled and affiliated with the regime. This, in turn, ensures social conformity and deference to the state as a protector of these values. Irving followed with Bracebridge Hall , and then Tales of a Traveller After accepting an invitation from the U.
Minister to Spain, he moved to Madrid in and embarked on extensive research for A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus , as well as the works that became Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada and Tales of the Alhambra Irving was then appointed secretary of the U. Upon returning to the United States in , Irving visited some of the little-known territories off the western fringes of the country, an expedition that inspired A Tour on the Prairies Continuing the western frontier theme, he wrote Astoria , an account of the formation of John Jacob Astor's fur company, followed by The Adventures of Captain Bonneville After another stint abroad as U.
He turned out a succession of mainly historical and biographical works during this time, including the five-volume Life of George Washington Irving passed away at his estate on November 28, He is best known as the first American to make a living solely from writing. Early career Prior to entering the field of literature, Irving traveled in Europe from to , absorbing its turn-of-the-century ambience before returning to New York.
He first published a few essays on New York life, titled the Salmagundi Papers , in Following the War of , Irving returned to England for a brief, unsuccessful fling at running a family-owned business. He remained in Europe, however, to complete the first version of his Sketch Book under the nom de plume Geoffrey Crayon, Gent, which launched his international career.
0コメント